.JPG) |
| What is Article 77 of Indian constitution |
Article 77 of the Indian Constitution deals with the conduct of business of the Government of India — specifically how the executive branch functions and how government actions are officially authenticated and managed.
📜 Text of Article 77 (Simplified)
🔹 Clause (1): Executive Actions
All executive actions of the Government of India shall be expressed in the name of the President.
✅ Example: If the government passes an order, it will state:
“By order and in the name of the President of India”
🔹 Clause (2): Authentication of Orders
The President shall make rules to specify how orders and instruments are authenticated.
-
If properly authenticated, courts cannot question their validity just because of how they were signed or expressed.
🔹 Clause (3): Allocation of Business
The President shall make rules for the allocation and transaction of business among the Ministers.
-
This is how different ministries (like Health, Defence, Finance, etc.) function — based on rules made under Article 77(3).
✅ Key Points of Article 77
| Clause | What It Does |
|---|---|
| (1) | All government actions must be in the name of the President |
| (2) | Authentication rules are made by the President |
| (3) | President frames rules for how business is distributed among ministers |
🧾 Example
-
If a policy is issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, it will be:
"In the name of the President, by order of the Ministry of Home Affairs"
But it is the Minister who takes responsibility — not the President personally.
📌 Summary of Article 77
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Applies to | Union Government's executive actions |
| Actions expressed in name of | President of India |
| Who makes authentication rules | President, by rules |
| Who distributes ministerial work | President, through rules made under this Article |
.jpg)
Follow Us