📜 Article 232 of the Indian Constitution
Title: Removal of difficulties
🔹 Text of Article 232 (before repeal):
Article 232 was a transitory provision that empowered the President of India to issue orders to remove difficulties in establishing the jurisdiction of High Courts for States and Union Territories after the Constitution came into force (i.e., post-1950).
⚠️ Important Note:
🛑 Article 232 is now repealed.
It was removed from the Constitution because it was only temporary, meant to assist during the initial setup of the constitutional framework in 1950.
🧠 Key Points Before Repeal:
| 🔑 Aspect | ✅ Details |
|---|---|
| Who had the power? | President of India |
| Purpose | To remove obstacles in the functioning or establishment of High Courts |
| Nature of Article | Temporary (Transitional) |
| Still in effect? | ❌ No – it was repealed after serving its purpose |
| Used during? | 1950s, during the reorganization of High Courts across Indian states |
📜 Related Articles:
| Article | Subject |
|---|---|
| 230 | Jurisdiction of High Courts over Union Territories |
| 231 | Common High Court for two or more states |
| 241 | High Courts for Union Territories |
Here’s a comprehensive 🧾 list of repealed and transitory provisions/articles of the Indian Constitution, which were either:
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Repealed officially by constitutional amendments, or
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Transitory (temporary) provisions that expired after serving their purpose (especially after 1950 or reorganization of states in 1956, 1971, etc.).
🛑 List of Repealed / Transitory Articles in the Indian Constitution
| 🔢 Article No. | 📝 Subject | 🔄 Status | 📆 Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Article 238 | Application of Part VI to Part B States | ❌ Repealed | By 7th Amendment Act, 1956 after the reorganization of states |
| Article 232 | Power of President to remove difficulties (High Court jurisdiction) | ❌ Repealed | Transitional; now redundant |
| Article 306 | Special provisions as to financial assistance to certain states | ❌ Repealed | By 6th Amendment, 1956 |
| Article 307 | Appointment of authority for inter-State trade or commerce | ✅ Still exists (but not operational) | Dormant since creation of GST |
| Article 371A to 371J | Special provisions for various states (Nagaland, Maharashtra, etc.) | 🔁 Still active | Not repealed; special state provisions |
| Article 392(2) | Power of President to remove difficulties (General) | ✅ Mostly expired after 1950 | Transitional |
| First Schedule (Part B) | List of Part B States | ❌ Omitted | After 7th Amendment Act, 1956 |
| Article 395 | Repeal of Indian Independence Act, 1947, and Government of India Act, 1935 | ✅ Still present | Symbolic, transitional repeal |
| Articles 308–314 | Provisions relating to services during transition | ✅ Still exist (but transitional in origin) | Mostly related to pre-Constitution services |
| Article 331 | Representation of Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha | ❌ Ceased in 2020 | By 104th Amendment Act |
| Article 334 | Reservation of SC/ST seats in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies | 🔁 Renewed repeatedly | Temporary but extended every 10 years |
| Article 370 | Special status of Jammu & Kashmir | ❌ Abrogated on 5 Aug 2019 | Via Presidential Order & Parliament approval |
📌 Key Transitional Provisions (Temporary in Nature):
These articles were created for smooth transition post-independence and were meant to fade out:
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Article 372: Continuation of existing laws
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Article 374: Provisions as to judges of the Federal Court
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Article 375–378: Continuation of courts, services, officers
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Article 379–391: (Repealed) Dealt with first general elections, Provisional Parliament, etc.
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Article 392: Power of President to remove difficulties
🧠 Why These Articles Were Removed or Became Redundant:
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🇮🇳 India became a Republic and reorganized its states in 1956 (7th Amendment).
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Old colonial structures and temporary electoral setups were no longer needed.
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Articles like 238, 232, and 379–391 were meant for the transition from British rule to the Indian Constitution.
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