What is Article 139 of indian constitution

 Article 139 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to issue certain writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and other purposes.

🔹 Text of Article 139 – Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs

"Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for any purpose other than those mentioned in clause (2) of Article 32."

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🔍 Explanation of Article 139:

• Purpose: It allows Parliament to authorize the Supreme Court to issue writs not limited to fundamental rights.

• Under Article 32, the Supreme Court can issue writs only for enforcement of fundamental rights.

• Article 139 expands this scope, allowing Parliament to give the Supreme Court additional powers to issue writs for other purposes (i.e., beyond fundamental rights).

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⚖️ Types of Writs Mentioned:

1. Habeas Corpus – To release a person unlawfully detained.

2. Mandamus – To direct a public authority to do its duty.

3. Prohibition – To stop a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction.

4. Certiorari – To transfer a case from a lower court or quash its order.

5. Quo Warranto – To question the authority of a person holding a public office.

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✅ In Simple Terms:

• Article 139 gives Parliament the power to let the Supreme Court issue writs for purposes other than fundamental rights, thus enhancing its judicial power.

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Here is an exam-ready chart for Articles 139 to 145 of the Indian Constitution, especially useful for UPSC, PCS, SSC, UKPSC, etc.

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📘 Articles 139 to 145 – Supreme Court Related Provisions (Chart Format)

Article	Subject	Explanation (Easy Language)
139	Power to issue writs	Parliament can give Supreme Court power to issue writs for purposes other than fundamental rights.
140	Supplemental powers	Parliament can give additional powers to the Supreme Court to help it work more effectively.
141	Law declared by SC binding	All courts in India must follow the law declared by the Supreme Court.
142	Enforcement of SC orders	Supreme Court can pass any order to ensure complete justice in a case.
143	Presidential reference	President can ask Supreme Court for advice on legal matters. (Advisory Jurisdiction)
144	Civil & judicial authorities to act in aid of SC	All authorities in India must help/enforce the decisions/orders of the Supreme Court.
145	Rules of Court	Supreme Court can make rules regarding its own procedures (with approval of President).

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✅ Tips for Remembering:

• 139-140 → Powers given by Parliament to SC

• 141-142 → Decisions and execution by SC

• 143 → Advice to the President

• 144 → Support from civil/judicial bodies

• 145 → Rules of working

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