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| What is Article 28 of Indian constitution |
Article 28 of the Indian Constitution deals with the freedom related to religious instruction in educational institutions.
📜 Text of Article 28 (Simplified)
Article 28 places restrictions on religious instruction in educational institutions funded or recognized by the State.
✅ Breakdown of Article 28
Article 28 has 4 clauses, and here’s what they mean:
🔹 Clause (1):
No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly funded by State funds.
🟢 Meaning:
In government-run schools and colleges, religious teachings (like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, etc.) are not allowed.
🔹 Clause (2):
This restriction does not apply to institutions administered by the State but established under an endowment or trust that requires religious instruction.
🟢 Example:
If a trust establishes a school and religious instruction is part of its terms, then even if the government manages it, religious teaching can be given.
🔹 Clause (3):
No person attending any educational institution recognized by the State or receiving government aid shall be required to take part in religious instruction or worship without consent.
🟢 Meaning:
Even if the school gives religious education:
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Students can’t be forced to participate.
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Minors need parental consent.
🔹 Clause (4):
Reinforces that this protection applies to institutions receiving any State aid, not just fully owned ones.
🏛️ Summary Table
| Type of Institution | Religious Teaching Allowed? |
|---|---|
| Fully government-funded | ❌ Not allowed |
| Run under religious trust (by endowment) | ✅ Allowed (if trust permits) |
| Private (receiving State aid) | ✅ But participation is voluntary, not compulsory |
| Private (no government funding or recognition) | ✅ No restrictions from Article 28 |
📌 Purpose of Article 28
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To maintain the secular nature of Indian education.
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To prevent forced religious influence in publicly funded institutions.
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To protect the freedom of conscience of students.
🧠 Important Point
India is a secular state — Article 28 ensures that State funds do not promote religion through education.
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